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[原译]1950冬—1951年在朝鲜的步兵战斗与武器使用
B连
敌人怎样开进这个国家?他用什么方法隐蔽了如此众多的军队?他怎样完成突击部署?他成功地使我军的部分兵力落入圈套是因为我们太冒失还是因为他特别的聪明才智和精心谋划?这些神秘的谜一旦解开,我们就能够合理调整反击行动的形式。
对于战前形势只需简要叙述:11月25日前,第八集团军几乎未遇抵抗地向北推进,偶尔与敌军轻装部队接触。这些交火发生在远距离,敌军的散兵或小型巡逻队迅速地撤退、消失,似乎只顾逃命。这种冲突并无一定规律,没有迹象显示这些敌兵并非散兵游勇,或证明他们是执行指定任务(比如为大军执行侦察和斥候任务)的战术控制部队。大部分交火的距离都太远,不能确定那些步兵是北朝鲜人还是中共士兵。
在最初的接触中,这些游击部队通常在山脊的最高处挖工事,并且在后撤时沿高地撤退。同时,空军发回了许多发现并攻击敌军小部队的报告,这些小部队都在沿着高地挖工事。但是并未发现给人深刻印象的机动部队。空军报告:敌军控制区内通过德川的主要公路被迅速拓宽和轧平,似乎在准备繁忙的运输。除此之外,没有迹象显示第八集团军正在向敌军大部队移动。
尽管还有其他细节,上述这些便是到第八集团军发动进攻时为止出现的主要迹象,这次进攻被形容为结束战争的最后努力。此时,距中共军队在清川江西北地区首次伏击第八集团军纵队,过了约一个月。
11月25日上午10点,第9步兵团B连开始攀登219高地,这是清川江东岸的一个制高点。当该连走完到山顶三分之一的路时,敌军的5枚手榴弹砸向2排1班,炸伤了劳伦斯 史密斯上等兵的大腿和罗伯特 A. 基乔纳斯中尉的脚。尽管该连当时还不知道,这是清川江会战的第一次交火,也是中共军队在主要战线上进行机动、开展大规模反击的开端。
在这里,手榴弹在史密斯和基乔纳斯身边爆炸的那一刻,局势来了个180°的大转弯。前些日子,敌军部队只在远距离开火,然后脱离战斗。这支敌军却等候B连进至短距离内,此后也没有脱离战斗。从早到晚,敌军不断地在20~40码的距离以手榴弹和自动火力向B连射击,在夜幕降临的时候敌军依然占据着219高地,B连在较低的山包整顿队伍,敌军散兵不停地沿着这些山包向B连的环形防御阵地投射袭扰火力。在219阵地上的决斗一直持续到11月26日,当日B连接到团里下达的撤退命令。
但是,(第2步兵师的指挥官们)并没有认识到战役初期B连经验的真正意义。沿着与B连相同路线进军的其他几个连遭遇到掘壕固守的敌军部队的抵抗,这些敌军都展现出了不同程度的决心,(指挥官们)也没有认识到这一点。随后,他们也没有判断出:敌军沿一条特定的战线迅速集结并增强抵抗标志着整个战术形势已完全逆转。直到25日24时左右,师部才感到战事发生了危急的转变,尽管炮兵指挥部在18点左右已得出结论,但它还没有积极向上级反映自己对局势的判断。
到了午夜时分,毫无疑问,军事行动已进入一个全新的周期。该师的整个正面都开始与敌军交战。战地指挥所和一线补给站遭到了侵袭。某些炮兵阵地被突破。某些步兵连被切断,上级对它们境况还一无所知。
在B连前方进行坚守以后,敌军继续有节奏地开展反击,这大体上暗示敌军在根据事态发展调整其行军。中共军队有一项计划;这个计划只有通过这种抵抗才能奏效:在我军主攻击线上的高地配置正面宽度窄但抵抗顽强的掩蔽部队。
但由于我军“处于攻势”,而且B连的战斗被作为孤立事件,未与敌军态势的主要改变联系起来考虑,各步兵连在当天下午继续沿同一条战线展开。
该师的作战地幅展开过宽,其中部分连队,当中共军队在夜间逼近他们时与最近的友军相距2300码之多。要是敌军真地了解这些情报,并且其勇猛程度有许多新闻记者所形容的一半的话,那么我军的这些部队将无可挽救地片甲不还。
BAKER COMPANY
The mystery of how the enemy had come into the country, by what means he had contrived to conceal himself in such large numbers, how he had managed his shock deployment, and whether the success of his entrapment of part of our force was the consequence of our consummate blundering or of his phenomenal cleverness and a carefully engineered design, was the riddle which, if once solved, would regulate the form of our own counter operations.
The situation requires only this brief summary: Prior to 25 November the Eighth Army had been advancing northward almost unopposed. There had been occasional brushes with light forces of the enemy, such firing as took place occurring at long range, with the enemy skirmishers or small patrols promptly fading back, as if concerned mainly with saving their own lives. There was no general pattern to this interference, no indication that these were not random fragments, or that they might be tactically controlled groups serving an assigned mission, such as reconnaissance or screening for a larger force. Most of these exchanges were at too great range to ascertain whether the riflemen were NK or CCF.
On initial contacts, these guerrilla-type groups were usually dug in along the ridge tops, and when they fell back, they withdrew along the high ground. The air, during this same period, made numerous reports of having sighted and engaged small enemy groups similarly dug in along the heights. But no impressive maneuver bodies were seen. There was nothing to indicate the Army might be moving toward an enemy mass, except several air reports that the main road running through Tokchon in enemy country had been suddenly widened and re-surfaced, as if in preparation for heavy traffic.
Though there are other details, these were the main indications up to the hour when Eighth Army launched its attack which had been described as the final effort which would end the war. Almost one month had passed since the first CCF ambushes were sprung against Eighth Army columns in the area northwest of the Chongchon.
At 1000 on 25 November, Baker Company, 9th Infantry Regiment, started the ascent of Hill 219, a commanding piece of ground just to the east of the Chongchon River. It got one-third way up the hill when five grenades showered down on its 1st squad, 2nd Platoon, wounding Sgt Lawrence Smith, Jr., in the thigh and Lt Robert A. Kjonaas in the foot. Although the Company did not then know it, this was the first fire in the battle of the Chongchon and the beginning of the CCF maneuver to counterattack in mass on one main line.
Locally, the situation took a 180” turn at the moment the grenade exploded near Smith and Kjonaas. In the preceding days the enemy groups had traded fire at long range and then faded back. This body waited until Baker came within a few yards and thereafter did not fade back. Continuing to engage Baker with grenades and automatic fire at 20-40 yards range throughout that morning and afternoon, it was still holding the height of 219 when darkness came, and along the lower knobs, where the Company had fixed itself, its skirmishers were putting a harassing fire upon the perimeter. The duel between the forces on 219 continued until mid-morning of 26 November when Baker withdrew on regimental order.
But the early experience of Baker Company was not seen in its true significance, nor was the fact that other companies moving up toward the same line as Baker became engaged later in the day by dug in enemy groups expressing their force with varying degrees of determination. To rearward it was not appreciated that this sudden coalescing and hardening of resistance along one particular line signaled that the general tactical situation had become wholly transposed. It was not until around 2400 on the 25th that the division command sensed that affairs had taken a critical turn, though the artillery HQ had reached that conclusion by about 1800, still without presenting its conviction forcefully to the higher HQ.
By midnight there was no room for doubt that operations were in a wholly new cycle. The Division had become engaged all along the line. CPs and first-aid stations had been struck. Some artillery positions had been overrun. Some infantry companies had been cut off and their situation remained unknown.
From the holding of Baker Company onward, the enemy’s counter-movement proceeded with a rhythm which suggests mainly that the march was keyed to this event. CCF had a plan; it could have pivoted only upon the resistance offered by a somewhat narrow but unyielding screen manning the heights above our own MSR.
But because we were “on the offensive,” and the Baker Company fight was taken as an isolated incident unrelated to any major change in the posture of the enemy, infantry companies continued to deploy toward this same line during the afternoon.
Such was the overextension required by the width of the division sector that certain of these companies were as much as 2300 yards from their nearest friendly neighbor when the CCF attack closed down around them that night. Had the enemy in fact been well informed, and had he but possessed one-half the ferocity attributed to him by many of the press correspondents, nothing could have saved our forces from being destroyed in whole.
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